MVME2432-1機(jī)器人模塊卡件
FRP系統(tǒng)的使用本文件是指由纖維和樹脂以特定方式組合并通過特定方法安裝而成的商用FRP系統(tǒng)。這些系統(tǒng)是通過材料表征和結(jié)構(gòu)測試開發(fā)的。未經(jīng)測試的纖維和樹脂組合可能會導(dǎo)致意想不到的性能范圍以及潛在的材料不相容性?？紤]使用的任何FRP系統(tǒng)應(yīng)具有足夠的測試數(shù)據(jù)，以證明整個(gè)系統(tǒng)在類似應(yīng)用中的充分性能，包括其安裝方法。ACI 440.8提供了使用濕鋪工藝制造的單向碳纖維和玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)塑料材料的規(guī)范。建議使用通過材料表征和結(jié)構(gòu)測試開發(fā)的FRP系統(tǒng)，包括有充分文件證明的專有系統(tǒng)。應(yīng)避免使用未經(jīng)測試的纖維和樹脂組合。包括ASTM、ACI、ICRI和ICC在內(nèi)的多個(gè)組織制定了一套完整的FRP系統(tǒng)測試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和指南。1.1.2可持續(xù)性FRP材料的可持續(xù)性可考慮環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會目標(biāo)進(jìn)行評估。不僅應(yīng)在整個(gè)施工階段，還應(yīng)在結(jié)構(gòu)的維護(hù)和保存以及壽命結(jié)束階段的整個(gè)使用壽命中考慮這些因素。這是可持續(xù)性生命周期方法的基礎(chǔ)（Menna等人，2013）。生命周期評估（LCA）考慮產(chǎn)品的環(huán)境影響，從原材料提取開始，然后是生產(chǎn)、分配、運(yùn)輸、安裝、使用和壽命結(jié)束。FRP復(fù)合材料的LCA取決于產(chǎn)品和市場應(yīng)用，結(jié)果各不相同。用于加固混凝土構(gòu)件的FRP復(fù)合材料可以同時(shí)使用碳纖維和玻璃纖維，它們分別來自化石燃料或礦物，因此對原材料提取有影響。
盡管碳纖維和玻璃纖維具有與生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的高體現(xiàn)能量，分別約為86000 Btu/lb和8600 Btu/lb（200和20 mJ/kg）（Howarth等人，2014年），但生產(chǎn)和使用的總重量比鋼（體現(xiàn)能量為5600 Btu/lb[13 mJ/kg]）、混凝土（430 Btu/lb[1 mJ/kg）、，和鋼筋（3870 Btu/lb[9 mJ/kg]）（Griffin和Hsu 2010）。雖然與傳統(tǒng)建筑材料相比，樹脂和粘合劑系統(tǒng)的能量和潛在環(huán)境影響的使用量也很小，但研究較少。在分配和運(yùn)輸過程中，F(xiàn)RP復(fù)合材料的重量較輕，運(yùn)輸沖擊較小，材料搬運(yùn)更方便，安裝過程中設(shè)備更小。就安裝和使用而言，F(xiàn)RP復(fù)合材料具有更長的使用壽命，因?yàn)樗鼈儽葌鹘y(tǒng)材料更耐用，需要更少的維護(hù)。FRP復(fù)合材料的壽命終點(diǎn)選擇更為復(fù)雜。盡管目前回收的FRP復(fù)合材料不到1%，但復(fù)合材料可以通過多種方式回收，包括機(jī)械研磨、焚燒和化學(xué)分離（Howarth等人，2014）。然而，很難將材料、纖維和樹脂分離，而不會導(dǎo)致再生材料的降解。美國混凝土協(xié)會–版權(quán)所有?材料–www.Concrete。org 4加固混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的外部粘結(jié)FRP系統(tǒng)（ACI 440.2R-17）回收復(fù)合材料的市場很小，盡管飛機(jī)制造商特別考慮在飛機(jī)生命周期結(jié)束時(shí)回收和再利用復(fù)合材料的方法和程序。除玻璃鋼材料和系統(tǒng)外，它們在維修和改造可能退役或拆除的結(jié)構(gòu)中的使用具有內(nèi)在的可持續(xù)性。在許多情況下，F(xiàn)RP復(fù)合材料允許延長現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的使用壽命或提高其安全性或性能，而貨幣和環(huán)境成本僅為更換的一小部分。此外，由于FRP復(fù)合材料的高比強(qiáng)度和剛度，與水泥基或金屬基修復(fù)相比，基于FRP的現(xiàn)有混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)修復(fù)通常是一種能耗較低的選擇。
Use of FRP system This document refers to a commercial FRP system composed of fibers and resins in a specific way and installed by a specific method. These systems were developed through material characterization and structural testing. Untested fiber and resin combinations can lead to unexpected performance ranges and potential material incompatibilities. Any FRP system considered for use should have sufficient test data to demonstrate the full performance of the entire system in similar applications, including its installation methods. ACI 440.8 provides specifications for unidirectional carbon fiber and glass fiber reinforced plastic materials manufactured using the wet laying process. It is recommended to use FRP systems developed through material characterization and structural testing, including proprietary systems that are fully documented. Untested fiber and resin combinations should be avoided. Several organizations, including ASTM, ACI, ICRI and ICC, have developed a complete set of FRP system testing standards and guidelines. 1.1.2 The sustainability of sustainable FRP materials can be assessed by considering environmental, economic and social objectives. These factors should be considered not only in the whole construction phase, but also in the maintenance and preservation of the structure and the whole service life at the end of its life. This is the basis of the sustainable life cycle approach (Menna et al., 2013). Life cycle assessment (LCA) considers the environmental impact of products, starting from the extraction of raw materials, then production, distribution, transportation, installation, use and end of life. LCA of FRP composite depends on product and market application, and the results are different. FRP composites used to strengthen concrete members can use carbon fiber and glass fiber at the same time, which are respectively from fossil fuels or minerals, so they have an impact on the extraction of raw materials.
Although carbon fiber and glass fiber have high embodied energy related to production, about 86000 Btu/lb and 8600 Btu/lb (200 and 20 mJ/kg), respectively (Howarth et al., 2014), the total weight ratio produced and used is steel (5600 Btu/lb [13 mJ/kg] embodied energy), concrete (430 Btu/lb [1 mJ/kg),, and rebar (3870 Btu/lb [9 mJ/kg]) (Griffin and Hsu 2010). Although compared with traditional building materials, the use of energy and potential environmental impact of resin and adhesive systems is also very small, but there are few studies. In the process of distribution and transportation, FRP composite materials are lighter, with less transportation impact, more convenient material handling, and smaller equipment during installation. In terms of installation and use, FRP composites have a longer service life because they are more durable than traditional materials and require less maintenance. The end point selection of FRP composite is more complicated. Although less than 1% of FRP composites are currently recycled, composites can be recycled in a variety of ways, including mechanical grinding, incineration and chemical separation (Howarth et al., 2014). However, it is difficult to separate materials, fibers and resins without causing degradation of recycled materials. American Concrete Institute – All rights reserved ? Materials – www Concrete。 org 4 The market for recycled composites for externally bonded FRP systems (ACI 440.2R-17) for strengthening concrete structures is small, although aircraft manufacturers specifically consider methods and procedures for recycling and reusing composites at the end of the aircraft life cycle. In addition to FRP materials and systems, their use in the maintenance and reconstruction of structures that may be decommissioned or dismantled is inherently sustainable. In many cases, FRP composites allow to extend the service life of existing infrastructure or improve its safety or performance, while the monetary and environmental costs are only a fraction of the replacement. In addition, due to the high specific strength and stiffness of FRP composites, compared with cement-based or metal based repair, FRP based repair of existing concrete structures is usually a lower energy consumption option.
